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Recent molecular evidence suggests that Sciurus vulgaris populations from Calabria (southern Italy) are distinct from those occurring in northern and central Italy. Here, we re-analyzed using multivariate and univariate techniques an historical dataset provided by Cavazza (1913), who documented measurements for the now extinct squirrel population from Campania. Download Bacaan Yasin Dalam Rumi.
Both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that the sample from Calabria was homogenous and relatively distinct compared to the rest of the squirrel samples. Sciurus vulgaris meridionalis Lucifero, 1907 (endemic to the most southern Apennines), with uniform fur colour, always having black dorsal fur with grey shades on the sides, a black tail, and a contrasting white belly. It is also the largest Italian subspecies (). Free Download Animated Clipart For Powerpoint 2007. Although widespread in Italy, this species’ distribution is associated with forested areas, and affected by their fragmentation (,,,, ). Thus, the European squirrel currently occurs in the whole of the Italian Peninsula with some distribution gaps: the species does not currently occurs in Campania, Apulia and Basilicata (cf. However, the squirrel was present in historical times also in the extreme northern part of Campania (i.e. Somma – Vesuvio) (,, ), where it is now extinct (, ).
Recent molecular data () revealed the presence of two main mitochondrial phylogroups: (i) a clade comprising the individuals from the region of Calabria in southern Italy belonging to the subspecies Sciurus vulgaris meridionalis, and (ii) another including the rest of the Italian populations. Studied morphological variability of Italian populations of Sciurus vulgaris, and provided a useful set of skull measurements for squirrels collected throughout Italy. Among various populations, he analyzed specimens from an area where the species is now locally extinct (Campania), which is geographically closer to the populations of the subspecies Sciurus vulgaris italicus than to those of Sciurus vulgaris meridionalis. Data are important for evaluating whether the extinct Campanian squirrels were more similar to those currently inhabiting Calabria, or to those typical of central Italian regions. In this paper, we reanalyzed Cavazza’s original dataset using modern statistical multivariate analyses with the aim to evaluate whether morphometric and genetic data agree with respect to patterns of geographic differentiation in Italian squirrel populations. Materials and methods We used the data reported in for skull measurements of adults (). Divided specimens into the following groups: (a) Alps, (b) northern and central Italy including Latium and excluding Abruzzi, (c) southern Italy including Abruzzi and Campania, and (d) Calabria.
The localities where collected his specimens are reported in. Unfortunately, we cannot re-measure specimens from paper because several of them have now become lost. Moreover, although it is possible that some of the specimens originarily measured by are still available in private or public collections in Italy, unfortunately there is no labeling indication in Cavazza’s paper for any of his specimens, and this fact impeded us from any further analysis of the vouchers.
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Skull measurements (in mm). OTU = Operational Taxonomic Unit; A = Alps; B = North and Central Italy; C = Abruzzo and Campania; D = Calabria (from ). For more details see text. Univariate measurements were log-transformed in order to achieve normality and then compared across groups by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
In this analysis, the same four groups as defined by were used. Specimens were divided into four Operational Taxonomic Units (hereby OTUs), according to their geographical provenance and corresponding to the Italian subspecies. These four OTUs followed exactly the subdivisions made. We performed a cluster analysis in order to show dissimilarities among all of specimens in terms of their skull measurements. Skull measurements were log-transformed prior to analysis. Dendrograms were prepared using the single linkage as the algorithm, with Euclidean distances. This method was used because it provided the highest cophenetic index.